Borderline Personality Disorder and Substance Abuse Essay

This paper will examine the results of four studies: One is a prospective follow-up study, one is a prospective naturalistic study, one is a case control study and the last one is a randomized clinical trial. They are on borderline personality disorder and substance abuse articles by Walter et al. (2009), Zanarini et al. (2010), Gratz Tull, (2010), and by Linehan, Schmidt III, Dimeff, Craft, Kanter Comtois, (1999) respectively. The hypotheses, methods and results will be summarized. The future research areas suggested by Walter et al. (2009), Zanarini et al (2010), Gratz Tull, (2010), and by Linehan et al. (1999) will be discussed along with the value of their studies to the field of psychiatric rehabilitation. In conducting†¦show more content†¦(Walter et al. 2009) The results of the article by Walter et al. (2009) supported the hypothesis, indicating that people with BPD have a higher rate of SUD as well as alcohol and drug dependency. The rate of new onset of alcohol use disorder and new onset of drug use disorder was 7% higher in the BPD group when compared to the OPD group. After 24 months of follow-up approximately half of the people who had BPD showed stable remission of diagnosis. In addition, at baseline, the people who were remitted with BPD had 57% higher frequency of drug use disorder and 42% higher alcohol use disorder. The rate of new onset of SUD was 11% higher in the non-remitted groups. The results support the hypothesis in which people with BPD have increased rates and severity of SUD when compared to the OPD group. For future research Walter et al. (2009) suggest adding an increased variety of personality disorders, including ASPD, gaining a better understanding of substances used as well as examining stressful life events experienced during study, and obtaining a larger sample size for those in remission. The major limitation of this study was that the researchers could not exclude additional comorbid personality disorders such as mood disorders. In a prospective naturalistic study, Zanarini et al. (2010) examined the prevalence of SUD in people with BPD and OPD in a prospective ten-yearShow MoreRelatedBorderline Personality Disorder ( Borderline )1361 Words   |  6 Pages Borderline Personality Disorder is named borderline personality disorder because at one point in history they considered this disorder to be on the â€Å"borderline† between neurosis and psychosis. Borderline personality disorder is a severe mental disorder that impacts an individual’s behavior, relationships, and mood. The disorder usually begins during adolescence or young adulthood. People with BPD have a tendency of rapid change in attitude or feelings toward others because they cannot regulateRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder: A Literature Review Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pages The history of BPD can be traced back to 1938 when Adolph Stern first described the symptoms of the disorder as neither being psychotic nor psychoneurotic; hence, the term ‘borderline’ was introduced (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2009, p. 15). Then in 1960, Otto Kernberg coined the term ‘borderline personality organization’ to describe persistent patterns of behavior and functioning consisting of instability, and distressed psychological self-organization (National CollaboratingRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Bpd )932 Words   |  4 PagesBorderline personality disorder (BPD) is an emotional disorder that causes emotional instability, leading to stress and other problems. 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The study the article talks about aims to test the relationship between ANTI SOICAL PERSONLITY DISORDER and its common co morbid disorders such as substance abuse borderline personality disorder and their chance to offend and reoffendRead MoreDialectical Behavior Therapy As A Treatment For Borderline Personality Disorder1482 Words   |  6 PagesDialectical Behavior Therapy as a Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder What is Borderline Personality Disorder? Personality disorders are characterized by the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) as disorders where impulsivity is the main deficit and without treatment, it acquires new symptoms as time progresses. 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Their personalities are often histrionic, and they tend to see both people and events in black and white terms, either as bad or good. It is typical for a BPD (borderline personality disorder) patient to have suffered from sexual abuse or emotional abuse in childhoodRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Bpd )1618 Words   |  7 PagesBorderline Personality Disorder (BPD) Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline personality disorder is defined in the DSM IV, a manual used by psychiatrists to diagnose all mental disorders, as an AXIS II disorder which has symptoms of impulsively and emotional dysregulation (Livesley 146). A person with BPD have feelings of abandonment and emptiness, and have frantic efforts to avoid abandonment, going to extremes to keep someone from leaving (Burger 300). He or she is emotionally unstableRead MoreGirl Interrupted Essay example600 Words   |  3 PagesGirl, Interrupted Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious psychiatric illness. People that are diagnosed with this disorder suffer from an intense pattern of affective instability, extreme difficulties in interpersonal relationships, problems with behavioral or impulse control, and disrupted cognitive processes. The estimated prevalence of BPD in the general adult population is about 2%, mostly affecting young women. Susanna Kaysen was born on November 11, 1948 in Cambridge, MassachusettsRead MoreBorderline Personality is a disorder that affects a significantly large percentage of the1000 Words   |  4 PagesBorderline Personality is a disorder that affects a significantly large percentage of the population with a prevalence rate of up to 5.9%. (DSM, 2000) Out of that percentage about 75% of patients diagnosed with BPD are female. It is an illness that is both misunderstood and given quite a bad stigma. It is difficult to live with and those that have it struggle to maintain personal and business relationships. Even with the high demand for treatment it is a disorder that is hard to treat however when

Benefits of a Marketing Plan for Small Business Free Essays

Research Topic 5: â€Å"I’ve got a small business with only 3 full-time staff. Marketing Planning’s no real practical use to me! Besides, I can’t afford the time and/or the money to do it† The writing of a marketing plan is extremely important step in the functioning of an effective and successful business. A marketing plan will give a snapshot of where the business currently stands, where the business hopes and wants to be and what needs to be done to achieve this. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of a Marketing Plan for Small Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is crucial if the business wants to grow or maintain its current level of profit. It could even be helpful if a business needed to down-size. Marketing plans can be as detailed as required, and as such are useful tools for large corporations and small businesses alike. The creation of marketing plans can be quite daunting without previous experience, and this is one reason why many small businesses don’t create a plan. Ross Cameron, of Cameron Research Group states â€Å"†¦there appeared to be a large number of small business owners who were not interested in growing. It is possible this is because many small business owners don’t know how to grow† (Hartnett and Keisler 2008, p. ) Many of the smaller businesses don’t understand the benefit of creating a marketing plan, and therefore avoid creating one. One benefit of creating a marketing plan is in analyzing the current situation. Particularly in small businesses, the ability to step back and take an external view of the business is often difficult for an owner, as that time can be put to use elsewhere, and the results of a situational analysis can often be confronting (Hartnett and Keisler 2008). Most successful entrepreneurs of the world are able to view and analyze the business from the outside. Another benefit of producing a marketing plan is the potential for â€Å"greater co-ordination of effort† (Overton 2007). In having a clearly defined plan for the direction of the business, as well as an idea of how to get there, all of the employees can be focused towards that same goal. A business that has no marketing plan can potentially have employees pulling the business in many different directions, as the goal is not clear. Producing a marketing plan can also help measure the success of any efforts put in to improve the business. In creating a marketing plan, it is best to quantify the desired achievement. For example, if a business wanted to improve its sales by 25% over the course of a twelve month period and this goal is identified within the marketing plan, then it can be reviewed after twelve months (or at intervals during this period). The results of the review measures the effectiveness of the marketing plan. If sales figures have grown by 25% or more, then it is seen as successful. If sales grew by under 25%, or worse, declined, then the marketing plan has not been as effective as it should be. The measurement of success of a marketing plan can also be used as a benchmark to set future marketing plans. Using the perceived effectiveness or not of the previous marketing plan, can be a useful tool for looking forward. It can inspire a business to set higher growth in sales figures, or to set the benchmark lower, to enable a sales figure that is a little bit more achievable, based on the previous marketing plan (Overton 2007). A marketing plan can also help a business by looking at its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (also known as a SWOT analysis). In providing this analysis, a business has a better viewpoint from which to build upon. Analysis of strengths provides important information about what the business does well in its operations. For example, it could be how the business differs from its competitors, or what makes the business more successful than others in certain aspects. For instance, this could mean that the employees of the business are better trained or motivated than at rival businesses, the business has higher valued intellectual property, or various other reasons. Similarly, the analysis of weaknesses provides information and comparisons with other businesses to enable better decision making and potential improvements. The analysis of opportunities and threats document how the business could be impacted in the future, for better or for worse. Opportunities enable a business to look at future growth potential, future trends in the marketplace, opportunities to take advantage of competitor’s weaknesses, or any other factor that may or may not have been identified in the strengths or weaknesses. Threats are basically negative opportunities and can be current or future factors that may possibly have a negative impact on the business. In drawing up the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) for the business, and similarly for its competitors, the business can have a greater understanding of its current situation, and moving forward, a greater understanding of any potential hurdles or windfalls that may impact the business (positively or negatively). This in turn provides a better platform from which to determine the way forward, and to provide a plan to achieve the goal of the business successfully. One of the main benefits gained by creating a marketing plan is the actual documenting of the businesses goals and direction. By having a plan in hard copy, and having all employees working towards the same goals and in the same direction, the business is more likely to succeed in reaching those goals. A marketing plan is also beneficial in setting a budget for effective marketing. A marketing plan will allow the business to look at its target objectives and determine the amount of money to be spent on that goal. Stephanie Paul (2010) insists that a marketing plan is â€Å"†¦Often considered the most effective budgeting method†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that many experts believe that it is definitely the most logical way of setting a marketing budget. Similarly, a budget can also help create realistic strategies when looking at objectives from a budgeting aspect. â€Å"Understanding the return on investment on a marketing activity enables you to determine whether to keep them running or stop them and try something else†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Murphy 2009) Many small businesses feel that they don’t have time to develop arketing plans and strategies, but a marketing plan can be as thorough as the business needs it to be. In the case of most small businesses, the owner of the business inevitably works â€Å"in† the business, and has very little time to work â€Å"on† the business. However, a marketing plan doesn’t have to take up a lot of time. Whilst a large business may need h undreds of pages for a marketing plan, many small businesses can create effective marketing plans using as little as â€Å"half a dozen pages† (How to Create a Marketing Plan) McDaniel (2003) states â€Å"Developing a marketing plan is free and can be as simple as a time line of when to order business cards, networking opportunities, organizational meetings, speaking engagements and deadlines for publications†. The article also goes on to quote Ronelle Genser of Genser International Consulting â€Å"†¦there are three secrets to marketing. Commitment, Investment (not just money but of time, energy, and talent, as well), and consistency. † A marketing plan would be difficult without these aspects (McDaniel 2003) Around 98% of small business owners state that marketing is the hardest part of their job†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (McDaniel 2003). As seen above, a marketing plan can be effective at any scale, and should be a necessary tool for succeeding in business. For addressing the issue of time management in preparing a marketing plan for a small business, How to Create a Marketing Plan suggests taking â€Å"a couple of months to write the plan, even if it’s only a few pages long†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In conclusion, there are many benefits for writing a marketing plan, even for the time-poor owner of a small business. It enables the business owner to analyze the past and the present, as well as plot and plan the future direction of the business, the money spent on that plan and measuring the effectiveness of past, current and future plans. These are all practical uses of marketing plans, and for the basis of successful businesses, whether they are large multi-national corporations, or a small home business with few or no employees. Bibliography Hartnett R. , Keisler, K. , 2008, Small Business, Big Opportunity: Winning the right customers through smart marketing and advertising, Second edition, Sensis, Melbourne How to Create a Marketing Plan, 2010, Entrepreneur, viewed 2nd April 2010, Murphy, D. , 2009, Marketing Budget – Where do I start? , Vista Consulting, viewed 2nd April 2010, Overton, R. , 2007, Marketing Simplified, An introduction to marketing, eBOOK version, Martin Books, EBL EBook Library, viewed 2nd April 2010 Paul, S. , 2010, Cost of Marketing: What Is the Average Budget? , LegalZoom, viewed 2nd April 2010, http://www. legalzoom. com/business-management/promoting-your-business/cost-marketing-what-is How to cite Benefits of a Marketing Plan for Small Business, Essays

Teenage Pregnancy in America free essay sample

Going through high school, would you prefer to be a mother at sixteen? Not a lot of people agree, but most would if its normal in everyday life. Over in Africa, girls think its totally normal because they are forced to. Three out of ten girls will get pregnant before they even reach the age 20. No female at the age of 16 should be a mother at From 1990 to 2008, the teen pregnancy rate decreased 42 percent, from 117 to 68 pregnancies per 1,000 teen girls. In 2008, the teen pregnancy rate among African- American and Hispanic teen girls, were ages 15 to 19. Some young mothers never even make to college. Less than 2 percent of teenage mothers earn a college degree by the age 30. Some teenage mothers never marry the father of their children and receive child support. Parenthood for some teens is the biggest reason they drop out of school and some never return. Most never even consider how much a pregnancy could affect their life. We will write a custom essay sample on Teenage Pregnancy in America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While having children at a young age, most young women go through mental depression and a lot of test have been shown that depression is quit big. Socioeconomic disadvantages come from this, because most teenage mothers are not apable of supporting themselves, much less a child. Being a mother at the ages 16-18 are most likely to receive help from the government, meaning receive food stamps, Medicaid etc. Women who become pregnant during their teens are at increased risk for complications such as premature labor. In April 2013, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said that nearly one in five teen births is a repeat birth. In other words that its at least the second birth for the teenage mother. But the repeat birth for most teenage mothers were climbing the charts and getting higher. Although the repeat birth suddenly declined between 2007 and 2010 by 6 percent. Studies show that most teen parents who are sexually active use contraception during the postpartum period, only about 22 percent use an effective birth control. Teenage pregnancy rates remain high and approximately 1 million teenage girls become pregnant each year in the United State, about 13% of U. S. births involve teen mothers. Ata very high rate some teen mothers start to rely on Welfare. Teenage pregnancies are connected with inflation rates of alcohol abuse, substance abuse, ower educational level, and reduced earning potential in teen fathers. This at some point could cause serious danger to the baby, delivery of the baby, and harm to the mother. During the delivery of a young mother there is a twenty five percent chance of her living or not living to see her baby. A baby born to a young mother is likely to feel neglected, abandoned, and might be left to a relative responsibility. Also the child may not receive the care it needs from the young mother due to her wanting to do her own thing. Some may not notice how much of affect a pregnancy could take a oll on their life until it actually happens. While over in Africa 1 in 3 expectant mothers is 19 years or younger, only 1 in 3 of these young mothers returns to the formal schooling system afterwards. Some are even being forced to have babies as early as 13 and married off to a random man. The number of pregnant schoolgirls went trom in Gauteng. Including the ig n n HIV rate which is 18. 8% has made South Africa a little skeptic about the pregnancy of teenagers. The problem not as serious to them, knowing that on average, two to three girls fall pregnant in a school with 1,200 to 1,400 pupils. Also 16 percent of teenage mothers were tested positive for HIV under the age twenty. Dealing with the fact of not using contraceptive to prove their fertility as women was an even bigger issue. This also showed that 71 percent of girls that was pregnant at school in a pupil. Then 25% of the young women said they wanted to have a baby. Many girls in Africa become pregnant because of lack of parental guidance, rape, and no supervision. 3 out of 10 girls never see the man they are pregnant by never again. The Daily Graphic reported , last year, 17 students were dismissed from Aduman Senior High School. Some of the young ladies were found pregnant through forced testing and quickly removed from the school. Haingura believed that girls are often discriminated and derision, when search for forms of contraceptives from nurses. Which left them feeling discourage and helpless due to their schools discriminating upon the teenage pregnancies. In conclusion to all this information, no female should have to go through any of this. Except if you have a choice, or you are forced to have a baby. Although, you still can fght through these types of problems that are being shown. Instead of having to feel that you are looked at in different way, like being humiliated by your peers or family. No matter what everyone makes mistakes we are human. Just by reading all this information you learn a lot about what goes on around the world. Especially, in someone else cultural experiences or even thought of being forced to get pregnant while still in your teens. Those are really the years you should be enjoying. But the ludicrous part is you dont even know your future with person you are pregnant by. No female should be a mother at sixteen years old, only when you know you are ready for a child.

Public Administrators in Delivery of Social Justice an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Educating Public Administrators in Delivery of Social Justice The essence of public administration or governance is to enlarge public good in society by contributing to social justice thereby creating a civil community. This differs from the classic concept of public administration which is seen as the most efficient and economical delivery of services. Frederickson's (Shafritz, 2003) vision of New Public Administration on the other hand appends social equity as an additional aim of classic public administration. Thus in addition to provision of better services within the available resources most economically, New Public Administration addresses the issue of overcoming the bane inherent in classic administration that of bureaucratic perpetuity and deprivation of equal rights to the larger community as against the powerful minority by including social equity as a means of increasing political clout as well as economic privileges of deprived classes in society. Need essay sample on "Educating Public Administrators in Delivery of Social Justice" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed University Students Usually Tell Us:How much do I have to pay someone to write my paper in time?Specialists suggest: It Is Very Easy And Convenient To Buy Essays OnlineBuy An Essay Online Best Essay Writing Service Reviews Best Writing Services Cheapest Essay Writing Service Continuous transformation through sensitivity and adaptability to change is another unique facet of Fredrickson's concept of new public administration. (Shafritz, 2003). The focus of the process of programming, planning and budgeting is thus designed to achieve equity in society rather than internal efficiency of the organization delivering administration. In building institutions the focus is on problems and removal of social deficiencies rather than padding establishments for internal growth. Coming to the distributive process, Fredrickson indicates that the new public administration adopts an equitable pattern in distribution to ensure that all parts of the system get resources they deserve. (Shafritz, 2003). This may create organizational conflict, which is considered as a part of the process of public administration. As an integrative progression, new public administration will go beyond the hierarchical pattern to more innovative structures such as project or matrix organizations. In decision making preference will be for decentralization and group decisions with greater autonomy at each level. This will also lead to a new pattern in boundary exchange where there would be greater involvement of the deprived minorities in the process of decision making. This would also include a new pattern of socioeconomic process where in there will be greater need for sensitivity training, tolerance of conflict and risk taking. Thus Frederickson envisages a totally new paradigm of public administration to achieve the goals of social equity. (Shafritz, 2003) Comparing Frederickson's concept with the views of some prominent proponents of the theory of public administration should provide comparative rationale for his views. Woodrow Wilson is considered the doyen of public administration in America and is seen to have advanced the concept in general. Woodrow Wilson would have strongly approved of the concept of New Public Administration indicated by Frederickson. While a direct correlation of the two may be difficult to establish a detailed analysis of Wilson's article would denote the relevance. (Shafritz, 2003). Wilson (Shafritz, 2003) has carried out a historical analysis of the growth of public administration and his salient conclusion denotes that he sees in the administrator a person who is an instrument for providing social good on behalf of the state. Giving the example of the stern and strict Frederick the Great, Wilson denotes that he was an enlightened king who considered himself first to be a servant of the people rather than the master or the king. Elaborating this in the current context thus, Wilson advocates a strong need to introduce all elements in society to political science and fully train and educate the core of public administrators in the subject. (Shafritz, 2003) This will enable them to better deliver governance. Wilson has emphasized on functional education and has also alluded that the real challenge was to ensure that the public administrator was accountable to not just his superior but the community as a whole which provides basis to the surmise that he would have strongly approved Frederickson's espousal of education of public administrators in delivery of social justice. Spicer and Terry (1993) is another duo who is critical of the constitutional notion of the role of public administration and would have endorsed Frederickson's views. They have indicated that that there is a larger scope for envisaging the role of the public administrator than the purely constitutional one. Attempting to explain this through a purely regulatory or legal function is thus highly inappropriate. The authors have also indicated that the Constitution is not about empowering the public administration but is about restraining their power. This argument supplements the need for public administrators to be involved in imparting social justice rather than exercising power on behalf of the State as given in the constitution. Spicer and Terry (1993) would thus support Frederickson's points of view on evolving a new public administration system responsive to social equity and that students of public administration should be advocates of social justice, for their job goes beyond the mechanics of governance to delivery of social good. Given the proposal put forth by Frederickson, outlined above and its congruence with the writings of established authorities on the subject it is agreed that good public administrators need to be advocates of social justice because they are the key elements for delivery of governance to the masses, have a powerful role to play in strengthening institutions and abdication of this responsibility is likely to lead to a cycle of militancy and repression. In the evolved model of human social existence, it is the modern state which is the key to effective governance in an orderly fashion to a wide spectrum of humanity. A modern state could be said to comprise of three main facets, the law making authority, the executive and the adjudicating personas of the judiciary. Given that the first and the last are either making rules or denoting their effective implementation, it is the executive who is the key instrument for delivery. The public administrator be it in the government or the non government field is thus involved in implementing social justice. The accepted dimension of public administration used by Frederickson includes representative ness, neutral competence and leadership in execution. (Shafritz, 2003) These values are universal. While the services provided by the administrator may not directly relate to provision of social justice, the final product is not in the field of administration but includes a broader spectrum of creating equity in society through efficient and equitable distribution of services. Where there has been deficiency of delivery not just of services but of social justice by the government administrators, the role is naturally taken up by non government agencies thus providing a balance. Thus in the overall perspective a public administrator needs to be trained to deliver social justice and other capabilities will follow. In adopting equity, the public administrators is seen to be flexible in pursuing change, he would in fact be the first to note the need for transformation and could seek change through legislation or judicial intervention. As is commonly understood, people's representatives charged with making laws are more concerned with interests of the majority as they have been elected through active intervention of the popular vote. There is a possibility that these would neglect interests of the minority unless this is located within pockets of influence. On the other hand the judiciary is seen to act in a fair and just manner and to that extent could be said to represent the interest of the disadvantage minority. It is the public administrator alone who can ensure that an appropriate balance is maintained between the two so that social equity is maintained at all times. Developing such an attitude and approach requires training which can come about only through a structured approach. Public administration attains effectiveness through the ability to build institutions. Institution building enables overcoming public problems. In the classical school of thought public administration is seen to outgrow the problem thereby there is greater focus on the institution rather than overcoming the problem. Frederickson has provided the example of the Defense Department, wherein the role of administration is not defense but protection of turf and sustaining bureaucracy of the defense department within the complex maze of the US federal governance system. (Shafritz, 2003) From institution building for resolution of problems, the aim is now merely institutional protection. However a public administrator who is from the new school will be more concerned about defense thereby indicating his leaning towards provision of social justice. The student needs to understand how an institution can impact on the social phenomenon for which it was created in a scientific and social model. Discontinuities in public administration are likely to create a distorted communal order. Thus unless public administration creates social equity it can result in widespread social ills such as unemployment, disease and spreading penury. This in turn will lead to growth of militancy which may be followed by repression. Public administration is charged to ensure that this cycle of inequity does not set in through not just efficient delivery of services but also by ensuring that these are spread equitably through all spectrums of society. The need for good public administrators to be advocates of social justice because they are the key elements for delivery of governance to the masses, have a powerful role to play in strengthening institutions and abdication of this responsibility is likely to lead to a cycle of militancy and repression has thus well supported and is fully agree to. Reference: Spicer, Michael W. Terry, Larry D. (1993). Legitimacy, History, and Logic: Public Administration and the Constitution. Public Administration Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (May - Jun., 1993), pp. 239-246. Shafritz, Jay M. Hyde, Albert C. Parkes. (2003). Classics of Public Administration (Paperback). Belmont CA : Wadsworth.